Given today’s geopolitical climate and China’s continued dominance in separation and magnet production, where do you think U.S. and EU policymakers are overestimating their ability to quickly de-risk supply chains, and where are they underestimating hidden dependencies?

From your experience leading physical separation businesses, which specific steps of the rare-earth value chain (cracking, separation, metalization, magnet manufacturing) remain the least technically mature in the U.S./EU, and which pose the highest scaling risk for investors?

There is a clear gap between policy targets for onshoring and what projects can realistically achieve. What commercial or operational constraints do you see as the biggest bottlenecks for U.S. and EU projects to reach steady-state throughput by 2030?

How has the investment community’s view of rare-earth projects shifted over the past 12–18 months, especially around capital intensity, off-take risk, and the viability of U.S./EU magnet plants without subsidized pricing?

As someone who’s run operations and understands environmental realities, what ESG or permitting risks do investors tend to underestimate when evaluating Western rare-earth or titanium feedstock projects?

Do you think the U.S. should be pushing for a vertically integrated “mine-to-magnet” model, or a distributed network of specialized players, and which structure is most realistically financeable in the current market?

Defense agencies are stressing the need for domestic NdFeB magnet supply, but their volumes remain small compared with EVs and industrial sectors. How should the DOD balance strategic need with the commercial scale required to make U.S. magnet plants economically viable?

How do you assess China’s likely countermeasures, export controls, price flooding, or accelerated innovation, and what scenarios should Western investors prepare for in the next 24 months?

Are there any emerging separation or metallization technologies, membrane-based systems, ionic liquids, alternative cracking chemistries, that you believe genuinely have the potential to leapfrog China’s conventional solvent-extraction model?

If you were advising the U.S. or EU on building a resilient magnet supply chain, which partnerships (with Japan, Australia, Canada, or others) are most critical, and what would a realistically successful alliance architecture look like by 2030?