Additional Relevant Details "Evolution of Patient-Controlled Analgesia: From Intravenous to Sublingual Treatment" has been published in the peer-reviewed journal, Hospital Pharmacy. This article provides insights into patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) systems, the choice of opioid, risks, and costs associated with PCA usage in U.S. hospitals. Beyond intravenous (IV) PCA, the article also discusses noninvasive options in development, such as the transdermal, inhaled, oral and sublingual delivery of opioids.Zalviso (sufentanil sublingual tablet system) is profiled as a novel sublingual PCA system in development, and the entirety of the clinical program is reviewed.